Forum on Decorum
August 15, 2008
Community | Religious Life
(3 comments)
By Larry Kaufman There is no question that the introduction of decorum in religious services was an important motivator in the early stages of Reform Judaism in Europe. (The other key liturgical changes were worship in the vernacular, elimination of repetitions, addition of a sermon, and excision of "unacceptable" content - Messiah, resurrection of the dead, restoration of the Temple.)
But what did the Reformers mean by decorum?
In seeking to answer that question, let's look at the basic requirements for Jewish communal prayer - a minyan, siddurim, a Torah scroll. Note the absence of a requirement that there be a rabbi or a chazzan (cantor) - any Jewish male above the age of thirteen could "daven for der omid" - stand up and lead worship by chanting the opening and then the closing words of each prayer, to maintain a semblance of togetherness as each worshiper read the intermediate text for himself. You can see this to this day at an Orthodox or Conservative minyan - and it's only to the uninitiated that it looks like chaos.
What it doesn't look like, and didn't look like, was a Lutheran service. Decorum meant a service that was led from the pulpit, with clear-cut roles for the officiant and for the participants - I read, we read together, we read responsively, we sing together accompanied by the organ. (Check out the early editions of the Union Prayer Book that called out the text to be read by the Minister.)
You might look at what has elsewhere on this blog been called the Reformation as the Rabbinic Employment Act.
No longer would the rabbi be only the teacher, scholar, and Decider on questions of halachic practice - now he would parallel Christian clergy in leading the congregation in prayer, officiating at life cycle events, preaching (in the vernacular, of course), and rendering pastoral services. Now he would become the star orator for a congregation that was more audience than actors in a performance. Imagine the drama at Temple Sholom in Chicago in the 1930's and into the 1970's when the houselights dimmed, the spotlight shone down on the rabbi, as he pressed a hidden button and the ark door lifted slowly as if by magic. The silence was more than the silence of decorum - it was the silence of Awe.
Probably nothing better demonstrates the dominance the rabbi attained in American Reform than the situation in mid-twentieth century Cleveland, where the two big Reform temples were frequently identified not by their Hebrew names, Tiferet Israel and Anshe Chesed, heaven forfend, nor even by their formal English names, The Temple and The Euclid Avenue Temple, but by the names of their rabbis. Where do you belong? I belong to Silver's Temple. And you? I belong to Brickner's.
It's a poor pendulum that doesn't swing in both directions. As smart and successful rabbis today practice tzim-tzum (contraction) and empower the laity, the gathering in the sanctuary today changes from a performance to a community happening. We dress less decorously (during these summer months, most of the men at Shabbat morning services at my congregation are wearing shorts or jeans).
When the clergy join us, they sit with the congregation and pray alongside us, not for us. We are cohesive, exuberant, into- the- moment participants - and we would run from the room if someone told us that good Reform Jews practice decorum, and we should put on our suits and ties to listen to the golden words of a silver-tongued orator, rather than to the dvar Torah from a lay person much of the time, but otherwise from a rabbi that we address not as Rabbi and not as Doctor, but by first name.
As I read the posts on this blog from the nostalgists for the Good Old Days of the Pittsburgh Platform and the Union Prayer Book, I'm saddened that they feel alienated by our refusal to be Reformed, and by the Reform mainstream's continuing evolution in the search for spiritual fulfillment. We live and worship against the backdrop of a different environment. We have the confidence to be eclectic and to accept good ideas from many sources.
As our rabbis said in 1885, We recognize in Judaism a progressive religion. And they told us to maintain ceremonies that elevate and sanctify our lives. In a progressive religion, not only can elevation, sanctification, and decorum take new shapes with the passage of time, but in fact, they must.
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Beutifully said, Larry.